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Audioholics would like to thank Kurt Denke from Blue Jeans Cable for writing the following article:

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Considering that an HDMI cable is, at bottom,nothing more than an arrangement of wire, foil and plastic, the purchase ofHDMI cables have become awfully confusing. Everywhere one turns, there are all sorts of specification versionnumbers being tossed around, claims about HDMI cable 'speed,' andrepresentations about support for 3D, 2K by 4K video, 1080p, Deep Color, and ahost of other features. What does it allmean?

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Lies, Damned Lies, and Video Cable

Let's startby observing that you can't believe everything you hear. In fact, if you've spent any amount of timearound home audio/video and home theater, you probably already know that thesale of audio and video cable is a field in which false and fanciful claims andexaggerations are the rule rather than the exception, and that if a sensational statementis contained on the retail packaging of a video cable, it's much more likely tobe false than true.

Accordingly,before we start to talk about the things that really matter, let's get rid ofsome of the rubbish that can simply be dismissed as false or simply irrelevant,but which finds its way onto packages and into advertising copy:

• '1080pcertification'
  There's nosuch thing. We will get to thequestion of cable speeds later, which does relate in a way to this subject.

• Support for new audio formats,such as Dolby TrueHD
  While support for audio formats is a wonderfulthing, cables have nothing to do with it. All HDMI cables support Dolby TrueHD, et cetera, and since theseaudio formats have no impact upon the bitrate, no cable supports them anybetter than any other.

• 'Speed Rated' HDMI
  Apart from two official speed ratings, 'standard' (Category 1) and'high' (Category 2), as defined by HDMI Licensing, there are no otherofficial speed rating standards for HDMI. Some resellers of Chinese HDMI cables at crazy-high prices (yes,you know the one I'm thinking of) mark their cables with bogus 'speedratings' for which there are no published standards orspecifications. If it says 'UltraHigh Speed,' or something like that, step slowly (or at Ultra-HighSpeed, if you prefer) away.

• Support for x.v.YCC colorspace
  Like support for Dolby TrueHD, a goodthing; but, just as with Dolby, supported equally by all HDMI cablesregardless of type, spec version or anything else.

• Support for other specificresolutions, features and protocols
  With the exception of the new Ethernet and audio return channel feature, whether it's 2K by 4K video, DeepColor, or what-have-you, support for these features depends entirely onthe cable's rated speed and the impact of the particular feature on thebitrate, not on the nature of the feature.

• '120Hz' or'240Hz' support
  No set-top device emits an HDMI signal at theseframerates, though the Sony PS3 and any PC has the potential. Rather, a display labeled '120Hz' or '240Hz' has an internal frame-refreshrate as stated. It's completelyirrelevant to the HDMI cable or to the signal the HDMI cable carries.

With all ofthat on the rubbish heap and burning, there's very little left in themarketing-speak of HDMI cable, and that's a good thing. As complex as HDMI standards can be, and ascomplex as transmission-line theory can be, buying HDMI cable actually ought tobe fairly simple, in part because...

Digital Is Digital

As long asone appreciates the limits of the point, it's an important point to make: adigital signal is just a string of ones and zeros. When a digital signal gets through a cable,and is interpreted correctly at the other end with no dropped bits, the resultis no loss of information, and hence no loss of picture or sound quality. The signal may have suffered a great deal ofdegradation along the way from multiple causes; there may have been EMI, RFI,intrapair skew, interpair skew, return loss, rounding from capacitance,attenuation, anything - but if the bitstream gets read correctly at the end ofthe process, none of that degradation makes one bit (either figuratively or literally)of difference.

Now, thatpoint often gets made into something it is not. People will sometimes claim that cable quality does not matter. The truth is more like this: if a particularcable, regardless of price and internal quality, delivers the signal incondition to be accurately read, no increase in cable quality will make thingsany better. However, if the cable doesNOT deliver the signal in good condition, it is entirely possible that a bettercable (which may or may not be more expensive) may fix the problem. This is so because, while it may seem asimple matter to deliver a series of ones and zeros by switching a voltage upand down, things get pretty funky at ultra high frequencies, and electricity doessome strange and not always obvious things when one tries to run high-speedsignals.

Weirdness in the Wire

As humanbeings, we have a hard time seeing or,in some cases, even understanding, things that happen really fast. That'shelpful where home theater is concerned, of course, because we can watch astream of still photos rush by and perceive the illusion of motion. It does mean, however, that some thingsbehave rather counter-intuitively when they're running at high speed. When we switch on a light bulb, we experiencethe light going on simultaneously with the flip of the switch, because neitherthe time it takes the electricity to reach the bulb nor the time it takes thefilament to heat up are long enough for us to really notice. As a matter of fact, however, when a voltageis applied to a conductor, it doesn't just instantaneously deliver itself tothe other end of the conductor. It takes time--not a great deal of time, ofcourse. When an HDMI signal is runningat 3.4 Gbps, the maximum single-link speed of HDMI, (you may also see thisdescribed as '10.2 Gbps' because sometimes people sum the three datachannels in stating the bitrate) thevoltage is switching on and off, at a rate as high as 3.4 billion times persecond, with each of those voltage changes propagating its way down the cableat nearly the speed of light, one after another. This rate is so high that at any moment, ifyou could freeze time and sample the voltages in the cable somehow, you'd findthat the bits are literally lined up behind one another, each just a few inches long, in the cable.

So, whathappens to one of these little inches-long voltage pulses? It starts out at the source with nice,relatively sharp corners, with the voltage rising or falling rapidly and then levelingoff. But as it propagates through thewire, it starts to weaken and smear out a bit, for a variety of reasons. The sharp transition becomes softer; the levelingoff of the voltage takes longer; the total voltage drops; and, in what has tobe the most counterintuitive part of it all, bits of the pulse react to changesin the characteristics of the cable and, instead of continuing along in theiroriginal direction, bounce backward down the cable. This last phenomenon is known as return loss,and it is the worst enemy of any digital signaling process.

So, what arrives at the display is not what left thesource. It is a degraded version of theoriginal signal, with rounded transitions, noise, and a weaker amplitude. As the speed of the data increases, thedegradation gets worse, so that a cable that will deliver a standard-definition480i signal with relatively little degradation may deliver a 1080p signal inmuch worse condition. The challenge,now, as these bits get delivered to the display, is whether the display canreconstitute this degraded signal. Ifthe receiver circuitry can interpret what it takes in accurately, there is noloss of picture or sound information and all is well. Because cablecharacteristics, including particularly the stability of the cable's impedance,affect how badly the raw signal is affected, it is quite possible that if wehave two cables to try, one of them will not work correctly while the otherdoes. It is also quite possible - likely,even - that if we were to slow the data rate down (e.g., by switching to a lowerresolution, frame rate or color depth), the non-functioning cable wouldsuddenly work just fine.

At very lowfrequencies and bitrates, most of these effects are minimal. Not only are effects like return loss liableto be smaller at lower frequencies, but the slowness of the data speed meansthere's more room for slop. At slowdata speeds, it's not so hard to make a cable that performs acceptably. But higher frequencies mean more of all ofthe things that degrade the signal -- there is more attenuation, more returnloss, more rounding from cable capacitance, as frequencies increase. The principal way to combat these problemsis simply through control over manufacturing tolerances--the more consistentthe wire sizes, dielectric sizes, wire spacing, shield wrapping, and so on, theless variation there will be in impedance and the less trouble there will bewith skew. Two cables which appear to beof equal quality when evaluated at low data speeds may turn out to behave verydifferently at high data speeds.

The upshot:yes, it is 'all ones and zeros,' but sending and receiving a streamof ones and zeros can be a good deal less simple than it seems when they are runningat the rate of 3.4 billion per second, and cable quality can be a determiningfactor in whether our gear works as intended.

'Speed Rating' a Cable -Separating Science from Nonsense

As we'vepointed out, there are some nonsense 'speed rating' systems for HDMIcable out there, which exist largely just to adorn the packages containing HDMIcable with up-selling tools for the vendor. Whether it's 'Ultra High Speed,' orjust 'Faster 'n' All Get-Out,' you can safely ignore theselabels--they are completely meaningless. However, there is one important, but limited, sense in which one canmeaningfully and accurately talk about 'speed ratings' for HDMIcables.

First-generationHDMI cables were designed with 1080i and 720p video in mind, at eight-bit colordepth. Both of these resolutions requirea clock rate of 74.25 MHz, and 742.5 Mbps per data channel in the HDMI signal, and originally(through HDMI specification 1.2), this is what HDMI cable compliance testingwas targeted at. With HDMI specification1.3, however, the single-link bandwidth limit per data channel was raised to 3.4 Gbps, toaccommodate such things as deep color and higher framerates, and from whatwe've already said above it should be clear that a cable which works fine at742.5 Mbps will not necessarily work at a data rate which is over four timesas fast. To address this issue, HDMIspecification 1.3 introduced two 'Categories' of HDMI cable, somewhatblandly named 'Category 1' and 'Category 2.' Ever since 1.3, all HDMI cables which aretested for compliance certification are designated either as Category 1, andtested at 742.5 Mbps/channel, or as Category 2, and tested both at 1.65 Gbps (withoutequalization) and at 3.4 Gbps/channel (with equalization). A cable which has passed Category 2certification is capable of handling any data rate allowed under the HDMIspecification; a cable which has passed Category 1, but not Category 2, iscertified capable of handling anything up to 742.5 Mbps/channel, representing conventional 720p or1080i HD resolutions at their normal framerates and eight-bit color depth.

The'Category 1' and 'Category 2' labels for these and 'High Speed'instead. Additionally, in response tothe deceptive use of bogus vendor 'speed ratings,' HDMI Licensing hasexpressly prohibited the use of variants such as 'Ultra High Speed'and the like, so that with any luck the only 'speeds' being talkedabout soon will be Standard and High.

What About 'Gigabits perSecond' Ratings?

For variousreasons, many vendors avoid talking about the official 'High' and'Standard' speed categories, and instead like to claim that a cableis rated for some particular speed which may be higher or lower than the testedspeeds under Category 2. We recommendthat you disregard these claims. Thereare no objective engineering standards against which to test them, and none of thevendors who make these sorts of claims publish the criteria by which they haveallegedly rated their own cables.

One otherproblem with relying on these claims is that it is not always clear what ismeant by a stated data rate. The use ofterminology here has been incredibly sloppy. The HDMI organization will sometimes refer to the official speeds bygiving the single-channel data rate (e.g., 3.4 Gbps for the higher- speed of the twoCategory 2 tests), and sometimes by giving the three-channel data rate (e.g. 10.2 Gbps for thesame). To know what is meant when a datarate is cited, you've got to know whether it's the one-channel or the three-channel rate. To make matters worse, the HDMI organizationalso sometimes calls the clock speed (one-tenth the bitrate), stated inMegahertz, the 'bandwidth' of the cable. This is simply an incorrect use of the term,and it means that the 3.4 Gbps speed not only may sometimes be called 10.2Gbps, but also may be called 340 MHz. Inactual fact, a cable which could only handle 340 MHz of bandwidth, as that termis ordinarily defined, could not handle a 3.4 Gbps datastream - the cablebandwidth required is somewhere in the neighborhood of 1.5 times the data rate,expressed in Hertz, or 5.1 GHz - this accommodates the maximum fundamentalfrequency (half the data rate) plus its third harmonic.

Ethernet and Audio Return Channel

One other characteristic feature which an HDMI cable may carry is the new 'Ethernet channel,' and its accompanying sub-feature, the 'Audio Return Channel.' To fit these features into the HDMI cable, there is a slightly revised cable structure available under 1.4 which reconfigures a couple of the miscellaneous conductors into a 100-ohm balanced data line for use in Ethernet, with one side of that line also being used to allow a display to send multichannel audio back 'upstream' to an A/V receiver. It's a kludgy arrangement, and makes for a complex specification. We have our doubts that these will ever be features to see much use, but as with all future things, it's hard to say.

What About Version Numbers?

You'llnotice we haven't said much about version numbers, and there's a reason forthat. Version numbers have tended toconfuse the issue more often than not, and HDMI Licensing has asked us to stopusing them to describe cables (Editor's Note: They have also forced manufacturers to stop using them to describe electronics as well - a move we don't necessarily agree with). Why? Because a version number, by itself, tellsyou nothing useful about the cable. Allversions of the spec permit cables to be certified compliant at the'Standard' speed data rate, and all versions of the spec permit cablesto be certified compliant without an Ethernet channel. A cable tested and found compliant using spec version 1.4 does notnecessarily offer any advantage over a cable tested and found compliant usingspec version 1.1, and to know whether it does you need only to know two things:(1) is it certified as a 'high speed' or a 'standard speed'cable, and (2) does it carry an Ethernet channel? Meanwhile, HDMI Licensing has made the requirement explicit that beforea cable is certified as compliant at a specific length, it must be tested andfound compliant either at that length or longer, so there should be nosqueezing around the issue by marketing a cable found compliant at 3 feet asthough it had been found compliant at 50.

How to Tell the Compliant Status ofan HDMI Cable

The advicewe have been giving for a long time holds true still: if you actually want toknow whether a cable is compliant, and at what standard, you need to see thevendor's compliance certificate. When acable is tested and found compliant, a certificate which shows the length ofthe cable, and the nature of the testing (Category 1 or 2, with or withoutEthernet) is issued. If your vendordoesn't have one for their cable, that may well be because the cable is,despite representations to the contrary, non-compliant.

HDMILicensing has issued a new set of logos which are, in future, to be used tolabel HDMI cable assemblies. There arefive of these, only four of which are applicable to conventional HDMI cables(the last is for automotive use), and which cover the four possible answers tothe two questions: standard speed or high? Ethernet or not?

Now, theclever fellows who think up ways to sell cables are no doubt working out justhow they're going to make new specious claims about HDMI cables without runningafoul of the trademark licensing guidelines, and it will be interesting indeedto see what they come up with. When yourun into new, strange and interesting ways of rating HDMI cables, be alert:more likely than not, the purpose is not to teach you something about HDMIcable but to pry more money out of your wallet.

Many thanks to Kurt Denke of Blue Jeans Cable for contributing this article to our site.

A Huge Leap Forward Supports Resolutions Up to 10K and Dynamic HDR and Introduces New Ultra High Speed HDMI Cable

SAN JOSE, California – November 28, 2017 – HDMI Forum, Inc. today announced the release of Version 2.1 of the HDMI® Specification which is now available to all HDMI 2.0 adopters. This latest HDMI Specification supports a range of higher video resolutions and refresh rates including 8K60 and 4K120, and resolutions up to 10K. Dynamic HDR formats are also supported, and bandwidth capability is increased up to 48Gbps.

Supporting the 48Gbps bandwidth is the new Ultra High Speed HDMI Cable. The cable ensures high-bandwidth dependent features are delivered including uncompressed 8K video with HDR. It features exceptionally low EMI (electro-magnetic interference) which reduces interference with nearby wireless devices. The cable is backwards compatible and can be used with the existing installed base of HDMI devices.

Version 2.1 of the HDMI Specification is backward compatible with earlier versions of the specification, and was developed by the HDMI Forum’s Technical Working Group whose members represent some of the world’s leading manufacturers of consumer electronics, personal computers, mobile devices, cables and components.

“The HDMI Forum’s mission is to develop specifications meeting market needs, growing demands for higher performance, and to enable future product opportunities,” said Robert Blanchard of Sony Electronics, president of the HDMI Forum.

HDMI Specification 2.1 Features Include:

• Higher video resolutions support a range of high resolutions and faster refresh rates including 8K60Hz and 4K120Hz for immersive viewing and smooth fast-action detail. Resolutions up to 10K are also supported for commercial AV, and industrial and specialty usages.
• Dynamic HDR support ensures every moment of a video is displayed at its ideal values for depth, detail, brightness, contrast and wider color gamuts—on a scene-by-scene or even a frame-by-frame basis.
• The Ultra High Speed HDMI Cable supports the 48G bandwidth for uncompressed HDMI 2.1 feature support. The cable also features very low EMI emission and is backwards compatible with earlier versions of the HDMI Specification and can be used with existing HDMI devices.
• eARC simplifies connectivity, provides greater ease of use, and supports the most advanced audio formats and highest audio quality. It ensures full compatibility between audio devices and upcoming HDMI 2.1 products.
• Enhanced refresh rate features ensure an added level of smooth and seamless
  motion and transitions for gaming, movies and video. They include:
  • Variable Refresh Rate (VRR) reduces or eliminates lag, stutter and frame tearing for more fluid and better detailed gameplay.
  • Quick Media Switching (QMS) for movies and video eliminates the delay that can result in blank screens before content is displayed.
  • Quick Frame Transport (QFT) reduces latency for smoother no-lag gaming, and real-time interactive virtual reality.
• Auto Low Latency Mode (ALLM) allows the ideal latency setting to automatically be set allowing for smooth, lag-free and uninterrupted viewing and interactivity.

The HDMI 2.1 Compliance Test Specification (CTS) will be published in stages during Q1-Q3 2018, and HDMI adopters will be notified when it is available.

The HDMI Forum Reaches Out to Grow Global Membership

The HDMI Forum is an open trade association that guides the future direction of HDMI technology and develops new versions of the HDMI Specification. The HDMI Forum currently has a membership of 92 companies, and is actively inviting more companies to apply for membership and help shape the future of HDMI technology. There is also a focus to encourage more companies to participate as the global presence of HDMI-enabled products and solutions continues to grow.

FOR MORE INFORMATION on the HDMI 2.1 Specification or becoming an HDMI Forum member visit the HDMI Licensing Administrator, Inc. booth at CES 2018, LVCC South Hall 1 booth 20542. You can also contact us to schedule a CES meeting at vrobbins@hdmi.org.

SUPPORTING GRAPHICS, PHOTOS, AND AN OVERVIEW PRESENTATION are available in the electronic press kit at https://www.hdmi.org/press/press_kit.aspx.

About the HDMI Forum, Inc.
HDMI Forum, Inc., a non-profit, mutual benefit corporation, is comprised of the world’s leading manufacturers of consumer electronics, personal computers, mobile devices, cables and components. An open trade association, The HDMI Forum’s mission is to foster broader industry participation in the development of future versions of the HDMI Specification and to further expand the ecosystem of interoperable, HDMI-enabled products. For more information on the HDMI Forum or on becoming a member please visitwww.hdmiforum.org.

About HDMI Licensing Administrator, Inc.
HDMI Licensing Administrator, Inc. (HDMI LA) is the agent appointed by the HDMI Forum to license Version 2.x of the HDMI Specification and is the agent appointed by the HDMI Founders to license all earlier HDMI Specifications. HDMI LA provides marketing, promotional, licensing and administrative services; as well as education on the benefits of the HDMI Specification to adopters, retailers and consumers. For more information, please visit www.hdmi.org.

The terms HDMI and HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface, and the HDMI Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of HDMI Licensing Administrator, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

PRESS

NORTH AMERICA MEDIA CONTACTS:
Doug Wright / Henry Feintuch
Feintuch Communications
hdmi@feintuchpr.com
1-212-808-4903 / 1-212-808-4901

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Brad Bramy
HDMI Licensing Administrator, Inc.
bbramy@hdmi.org

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